Notation

• DC components have capital letters and subscripts
• Time-varying values have lowercase letters and subscripts
• Total quantities (sum of DC and time-varying) have lowercase letters and capital subscripts
• Phasors use uppercase letter with lowercase subscript

Thevenin Example in Class

Materials

• Electronic materials fall into three categories based on their resistivity $(\rho)$
  • Conductors: $\rho < 1\text{e-3} \ \Omega \text{-cm}$
  • Semiconductors: $\rho \in [1\text{e-3},1\text{e5}]\ \Omega \text{-cm}$
  • Insulators: $\rho > 1\text{e5}\ \Omega \text{-cm}$

Variability

• All electronic components have manufacturing tolerances that vary with temperature and age
  • Resistor: $\pm$ 10%/5%/1%
  • Capacitor: Asymmetrical tolerances (such as +20% or -50%)
  • Power sources: 1%-10%

Tolerance Modeling

• Symmetrical variations

Numeric Precision

• More than three sig figs not needed

References

• Course slides, chapter 1: Introduction to Electronics